Ammonia as an Efficient Hydrogen Vector: Catalytic Pathways, Reactor Concepts and System Integration

The transition toward low-carbon energy systems requires hydrogen delivery pathways that are not only clean at the point of use but also practical for storage, transport, and large-scale deployment. In this context, ammonia (NH3) emerges as a particularly attractive hydrogen vector because it combines a high hydrogen content, established industrial logistics, and comparatively mild liquefaction conditions. Its role is especially compelling for distributed energy systems, maritime applications, and sectors where direct hydrogen handling remains technically burdensome. This study examines ammonia not simply as a chemical commodity, but as an enabling intermediary for future hydrogen infrastructure.